BDM程序

BDM程序 (Becker, Degroot, and Marschak) 是一種廣泛使用的激勵相容機制，用於測量個人對消費品和其他體驗的價值（例如，Budescu、Weinberg和Wallsten，1988；Fox、Rogers和Tversky，1996；Kahneman、Knetsch和Thaler，1990；Prelec和Simester，2001）。在使用此程序時，參與者被告知可獲得貨物的銷售價格分佈，並被要求指出其保留價格。完成後，從價格分佈中隨機抽取一個售價（實現價格），並實施適當的結果：如果保留價格超過實現價格，決策者將獲得貨物並支付實現價格；如果保留價格低於實現價格，決策者將不獲得貨物並且不支付任何費用。

==see also==

Becker, Gordon M., Morris H. Degroot, and Jacob Marschak. “Measuring utility by a single-response sequential method." Behavioral Science 9.3 (1964): 226-232. [pdf]

Adding asymmetrically dominated alternatives: Violations of regularity and the similarity hypothesis

Huber, Joel, John W. Payne, and Christopher Puto. “Adding asymmetrically dominated alternatives: Violations of regularity and the similarity hypothesis." Journal of consumer research 9.1 (1982): 90-98.

Mental representations distinguish value-based decisions from perceptual decisions

Smith, Stephanie M., and Ian Krajbich. “Mental representations distinguish value-based decisions from perceptual decisions." Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 28 (2021): 1413-1422. [web] [pdf]

==YNY’s notes==

value-based 和 perceptual decisions 的分類和例子

For example, value-based decisions include choosing which food you want to eat or which gamble you want to take, while perceptual decisions include determining which direction a group of flickering dots is moving (Roitman & Shadlen, 2002) or which line segment is closest to horizontal (as in Tavares et al., 2017).

However, there is another important divide typical of these tasks: the source of information required to make the decision. Perceptual decisions generally rely on evaluations of stimuli, while value-based decisions rely on memory-based representations. This second division follows from research that has established distinct neural mechanisms for memory versus perception (Eichenbaum & Cohen, 2014; Squire & Zola-Morgan, 1991; Suzuki & Baxter, 2009).

==see also==

• The Phantom Decoy Effect in Perceptual Decision Making

The Phantom Decoy Effect in Perceptual Decision Making

Trueblood, Jennifer S., and Jonathan C. Pettibone. “The phantom decoy effect in perceptual decision making." Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 30.2 (2017): 157-167. [PDF] wiley.com

==abstract==

幻影誘餌是指一種在進行選擇時，尚不存在的替代方案，但這個方案卻優於另一個“目標”選擇。…

A phantom decoy is an alternative that is superior to another “target” option but is unavailable at the time of choice. In value-based decisions involving phantom decoys (e.g., consumer choices), individuals often show increased preference for the similar, inferior target option over a non-dominated competitor alternative. Unlike value-based decisions that are driven by subjective goals, perceptual decisions typically have an outside criterion that defines the goal of the task (e.g., target is present or absent). Despite their obvious differences, past research has documented a number of commonalities between both types of decisions. In a set of three experiments, we examine the influence of phantom options on simple perceptual decisions and point out a critical difference  between perceptual and value-based decisions. Our results show that in perceptual choice, participants prefer competitor options to target options, the opposite of the pattern typically found in consumer choice. We use the results of the experiments to examine the predictions of four different models of context effects including loss aversion and dynamic, preference accumulation models. We find that accumulation models provide the best explanation for our results as well as being able to generalize to other context effects.

==refer to==

感知決策是指利用感官信息引導行為以應對外部世界的過程
Perceptual decision making is the process by which sensory information is used to guide behavior toward the external world. (2014)

在感知決策過程中，即使在兩者對正確決策同樣具有信息的任務中，受試者通常更強烈地依賴早期感官證據，而不是後期證據。During perceptual decisions, subjects often rely more strongly on early, rather than late, sensory evidence, even in tasks when both are equally informative about the correct decision. (2018)

感知決策是根據現有感知信息從一組選項中做出選擇的行為 Perceptual decision making is the act of choosing one option from a set of alternatives based on available sensory information. (2020)