哈佛商評：打造雙邊市場策略

==YNY 摘要==

URL: https://www.hbrtaiwan.com/article_content_AR0003412.html

不太一樣的雙邊市場策略

在某些產業，例如，銀行、軟體、媒體等，這類公司的獲利方式，是把顧客網絡不同邊的市場連結起來，像是連結讀者和廣告主。這些行業的特性與眾不同，所以在制定策略時，需要運用新的方法。

• 把雙邊網絡裡的兩群使用者連結起來的產品和服務，稱為「平台」（platform）
• 平台對這兩群使用者提供服務，都需要負擔成本，也能從這兩群使用者賺取收入，不過，我們會談到，往往有一邊是受到補貼的。
  雙邊網絡平台的供應商能從兩邊賺取收入。但大部分時候，補貼一部分使用者的做法，是有道理的。但很重要的策略問題是：應該補貼哪一邊的使用者，以及補貼多久？
• 這兩群使用者彼此吸引，經濟學家稱為網絡效應（network effect）

對雙邊網絡提供服務的平台，並不是新的現象

• 汽車駕駛人，以及遍布各地的加油站連結 ()
• 廣告主和上網搜尋的人
• 零售電力市場變成平台，撮合消費者和特定的發電廠 (傳統行業也重新架構轉型為平台，例如，)
• 更多實例

雙邊市場面臨的挑戰

1:平台訂價
一般來說，雙邊網絡有一個「補貼邊」（subsidy side）。這群使用者如能大量上門，另一群使用者，也就是「金錢邊」（money side）會覺得很有價值
2：贏家通吃
像索尼建立Betamax 錄影帶標準投入的心血，最後輸給 VHS錄影帶標準
因平台共享時，整個市場的規模會變大，是很大的誘因。但爭奪網絡主控地位的得失很大，因此各家公司初期必須投入龐大的經費
3：包圍威脅
鄰近的平台供應商，可能會覬覦你的平台，採取「包圍」攻勢，進軍你的市場，常導致市場的界限趨於模糊。

===註===
設戶（homing）成本是指網絡使用者為了建立和維護與平台的關係，必須承擔的所有費用，包括平台的採用、運作，以及時間的機會成本。使用者在好幾個平台設「戶」，支出便會增加。舉例來說，絕大多數的個人電腦使用者都使用單一作業系統（幾乎全是Windows），因為採用多套作業系統的成本很貴，需要額外增加硬體、軟體和訓練等方面的支出。同樣地，距離也會限制消費者一次能造訪的購物商場家數，這就會限制賣場的家數。如果多處設戶的成本很高，使用者需要很好的理由，才會和多座平台保持往來。

==來源==

: https://www.hbrtaiwan.com/article_content_AR0003412.html
策略規畫

Eisenmann, Thomas, Geoffrey Parker, and Marshall W. Van Alstyne. “Strategies for two-sided markets." Harvard business review 84.10 (2006): 92. [PDF]

打造雙邊市場策略

Strategies for Two-sided Markets

 

New directions for modelling strategic behavior: Game-theoretic models of communication, coordination, and cooperation in economic relationships

Crawford, Vincent P. “New directions for modelling strategic behavior: Game-theoretic models of communication, coordination, and cooperation in economic relationships." Journal of Economic Perspectives 30.4 (2016): 131-50.

URL：http://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.30.4.131

==original Abstract==

In this paper, I discuss the state of progress in applications of game theory in economics and try to identify possible future developments that are likely to yield further progress. To keep the topic manageable, I focus on a canonical economic problem that is inherently game-theoretic, that of fostering efficient coordination and cooperation in relationships, with particular attention to the role of communication. I begin with an overview of noncooperative game theory’s principal model of behavior, Nash equilibrium. I next discuss the alternative “thinking" and “learning" rationales for how real-world actors might reach equilibrium decisions. I then review how Nash equilibrium has been used to model coordination, communication, and cooperation in relationships, and discuss possible developments

Altruistic and risk preference of individuals and groups

Altruistic and risk preference of individuals and groups

Date:	2016-10
By:	Yoshio Kamijo (School of Economics and Management, Kochi University of Technology) Teruyuki Tamura (School of Economics and Management, Kochi University of Technology)
URL:	http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kch:wpaper:sdes-2016-12&r=net
	This study examines whether attitudes toward risk and altruism are affected by being in a group or being alone. Subjects in our experiment were requested only to show their faces to other members without any further communication, differing from previous studies. In experiments of both anonymous investments and donations, we found that subjects who made decisions in a group offered significantly lower amounts than individuals who made decisions alone, even controlling for individuals’ risk and altruistic preferences. Our results indicate that people are more risk averse and self-interested when they are in a group.
Keywords:	Group decision, Altruism, Decision under risk
JEL:	C91 C92 D81

Are dyads conditionally cooperative? Evidence from a public goods experiment

Are dyads conditionally cooperative? Evidence from a public goods experiment

Date:	2016-10
By:	Morone, Andrea Temerario, Tiziana
URL:	http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:74732&r=net
	We analysed dyads strategies in one-shot public goods game. By means of a laboratory experiment, using a variant of the strategy-method, we found that more than one third of the dyads are conditional cooperators, whereas 18% can be categorised as free riders.
Keywords:	Voluntary contributions; Conditional cooperation; Free riding; Strategy-method; Experiments;
JEL:	C91 C92 H41

Some Strategic Aspects of Private Information: An Experimental Study

Some Strategic Aspects of Private Information: An Experimental Study

Date:	2016-04-20
By:	Andrés Salamanca Lugo (TSE – Toulouse School of Economics – Toulouse School of Economics) Olga Manrique Chaparro (Universidad Nacional de Colombia [Bogotá])
URL:	http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01305213&r=net
	In this paper we experimentally analyze the use of private information in a class of zero-sum repeated games with incomplete information on one side and perfect monitoring. We analyze whether the information disclosure by the informed players, and its use by the uninformed players, matches the theoretical predictions. We consider two games that differ according to the amount of information that the informed player should optimally disclose: in the first game, the informed player should entirely conceal his information. In contrast, in the second game the informed player should fully disclose his information. We find that the flow of information is higher than predicted in the first game and lower than predicted in the second game. However, the use of information is strictly higher in the second game than in the first one. Uninformed subjects tend not to use the revealed information in the first game, and seem to misinterpret the revealed information in the second game.
Keywords:	Repeated games,incomplete information,experiments

Centrality measures in networks based on nodes attributes, long-range interactions and group influence

Centrality measures in networks based on nodes attributes, long-range interactions and group influence

Date:	2016-10
By:	F. Aleskerov N. Meshcheryakova S. Shvydun
URL:	http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1610.05892&r=net
	We propose a new method for assessing agents influence in network structures, which takes into consideration nodes attributes, individual and group influences of nodes, and the intensity of interactions. This approach helps us to identify both explicit and hidden central elements which cannot be detected by classical centrality measures or other indices.

Collective Commitment

Collective Commitment

Date:	2016-07
By:	Christian Roessler Sandro Shelegia Bruno Strulovici
URL:	http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bge:wpaper:933&r=net
	We consider collective decisions made by agents whose preferences and power depend on past events and decisions. Faced with an inecient equilibrium and an opportunity to commit to a policy, can the agents reach an agreement on such a policy? We provide a consistency condition linking power structures in the dynamic setting and at the commitment stage. When the condition holds, commitment has no value: any agreement that may be reached at the outset coincides with the equilibrium without commitment. When the condition fails, as in the case of time-inconsistent preferences, commitment can improve outcomes. We discuss several applications.
JEL:	D70 H41 C70

Participation in Massive Open Online Courses: The Effect of Learner Motivation and Engagement on Achievement

Participation in Massive Open Online Courses: The Effect of Learner Motivation and Engagement on Achievement

Date:	2016
By:	Semenova Tatiana (National Research University Higher School of Economics)
URL:	http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hig:wpaper:37edu2016&r=net
	Massive open online courses (MOOCs) are a relatively new format of distance education which has become popular among students, faculties, employees and others. Regardless of the fact that MOOCs are a widespread phenomenon, they face some challenges including high dropout rates, low levels of student-teacher interaction, low representation of poor and less educated learners, issues with data processing and data analysis for creating predictive models. In our study, we look more closely at the last issue, while creating a model describing the relationship between the motivation, engagement, and achievement of MOOC participants. We use a database which consists of trace data and survey data from students of 20 online courses launched on the Coursera platform in 2014–2015 at the Higher School of Economics. Our research shows that for modelling the relationship between factors and achievement of MOOC students, it is necessary to transform the interval dependent variable into an ordinal one. To evaluate the relationship between motivation, engagement, and achievement, we used mediation analysis with ordinal logistic regression. The research shows that academic motivation of MOOC learners has an indirect effect on their achievement. The level of engagement acts as a mediator of this relationship. At the same time, intrinsic motivation plays an alternative role in the MOOC format compared to a traditional course format. Intrinsic motivation decreases the likelihood of getting a higher score from the second week of the course.
Keywords:	MOOC, Coursera, motivation, intrinsic motivation, engagement, achievement
JEL:	I21 I29

Endogenous Market Formation and Monetary Trade: an Experiment

Endogenous Market Formation and Monetary Trade: an Experiment

Date:	2016-08
By:	Avi Weiss (Bar-Ilan University) Gabriele Camera Dror Goldberg
URL:	http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:biu:wpaper:2016-04&r=net
	The theory of money typically ignores the fact that the mode of market interaction arises endogenously, and simply assumes a decentralized, bilateral exchange process. However, endogenizing the organization of trade is critical for understanding the conditions that lend themselves to the development of money as a mode of exchange. To study this, we develop a “travelling game” to study the spontaneous emergence of different systems of exchange theoretically and experimentally. Players located on separate “islands” can either stay and trade on their island, or pay a cost to trade elsewhere. Earnings rise with the frequency of trade but fall with the frequency of travel. Decentralized and centralized markets can both emerge in equilibrium. The latter maximize consumption frequencies and are socially efficient; the former minimize travel cost and require the use of a medium of exchange. In the laboratory, a centralized market more frequently emerges when subjects perform diversified economic tasks, and when they interact in large groups and cannot be sure whether they will meet the same counterpart in later periods. The experiment shows that to understand the emergence of monetary systems it is important to amend the theory of money such that the market structure is endogenized.
Keywords:	endogenous institutions, macroeconomic experiments, matching, coordination, markets, money.

Monetization Strategies for Internet Companies

Monetization Strategies for Internet Companies

Date:	2016
By:	Voigt, Sebastian
URL:	http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dar:wpaper:83314&r=net
	Many Internet service companies such as providers of two-sided markets, social networks, or online games rely on the social interaction between their user base and thus capitalize from positive network effects. For such companies, a common strategy is to offer (basic) services for free (and thereby abolish entry barrier of a one-off or recurring price) and to charge their users for premium services. Companies such as eBay, PayPal, LinkedIn, or Skype added paid services to their originally free business models, either via subscriptions, PAYG, or direct sales of virtual items. Their strategy how to make money and whom to bill however differs widely. In the Internet business, ‘monetization’ has become a frequently used buzzword for all aspects of a company’s revenue strategy which includes the decision who should be billed (e.g., for a two-sided market: seller vs. buyer vs. advertisers only), with which price model (e.g., mandatory subscription vs. optional subscriptions vs. selling virtual currency or items) and price level (e.g., differentiated between user groups), and – in case of a freemium strategy – how a new (free) user can be converted most efficiently into a paying and remunerative customer (e.g., via effective CRM measures). The overarching objective of all monetization measures is to maximize the company’s revenue and/or profit. The field of monetization offers a wide field of research opportunities. Four of these are covered in this dissertation: The Name-your-own-price model, users’ spending behavior in virtual communities, the monetization of network effects in social networks, and the legal boundaries of social network usage. As a result, this dissertation solves a series of questions currently being worked on by practitioners and uses a wide range of methods from various disciplines such as economic, psychological, and game theory.