引自: Daniel Friedman and Alessandra Cassar, Economics Lab: An Intensive Course in Experimental Economics, Routledge, London and New York (2004) pp. 248
原始文獻:
Hertwig, R. and Ortman, A. (2001) “Experimental practices in economics: a challenge for psychologist? ” Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24:383–403. link to PDF
兩學門間有4 種主要之差異 (p.18)
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Script versus open-ended
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Repeated trials versus one-shot
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Salient pay
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Deception
| 主要差異項目 | 經濟實驗 | 心理實驗 |
| 實驗說明 | script 強調完整之角色定義, 互動模式, 報酬如何決定 Economists (drawing on Siegel’s tradition) almost always include detailed formal written instructions for subjects defining their roles, interactions, and payoffs. Psychologists in recent decades seldom use written instructions and usually are quite casual about describing the task to the subjects. |
比較敘述性 Psychologists in recent decades seldom use written instructions and usually are quite casual about describing the task to the subjects |
| 實驗進行 | 受試者重覆試驗相同之情境 repeated trials Economists since Smith (1962) typically have subjects repeat the task or interactions several times, and focus on data from later repetitions when they are sure that the subjects are fully adjusted to the environment. |
受試者只進行一次實驗 one-shot Psychologists more commonly just give the subjects one shot at any particular task. |
| 受試者報酬 | 以實驗參與之表現優劣支付現金 Economists almost always pay subjects in cash based on performance. |
很少支付現金, 且是固定金額 Psychologists seldom pay cash, and when they do, they usually pay a flat amount unrelated to performance. |
| 資訊真實性 | 幾乎不會採用誤導 Deception of any kind is taboo among experimental economists. |
常故意誤導 A large fraction of social psychology experiments attempt to mislead the subjects as to the true nature of the task. |
兩學門本質上之不同
Role of theory
Economics has a core theory that assumes self-interest, rationality, and equilibrium. Theory in psychology is more descriptive and eclectic. Hence, psychologists are less concerned with salient rewards, repeated trials, etc. that give economic theory a better shot.
Role of institutions
Following a suggestion by Sunder in Friedman and Sunder (1994), Figure 2.2 presents a spectrum of economic situations based on the institutional constraints. Personal preferences are the dominant influence in individual choice tasks but play a minor role for firms in strong institutions such as markets. Cognitive psychologists prefer to work at the weak institution end of the spectrum, while social psychologists study quite different social constraints. By contrast, economic analysis emphasizes the institutional constraints, as we will see in Chapter 3.
| 實驗說明 | script | open-ended |
| 實驗進行 | r | r |
Experimental methods in economics respond to circumstances that are not completely dictated by accepted theory or outstanding problems. While the field of economics makes sharp distinctions and produces precise theory, the work of experimental economics sometimes appear blurred and may produce results that vary from strong support to little or partial support of the relevant theory.
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